Irrigation System of Pakistan & KPK (Khyber Pakhtunkhwa)

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INTRODUCTION

THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE IRRGATION SYSTEM
Controlled year round irrigation began in 1859 with the completion of the Upper Bari Doab Canal (UBDC) from Madhopur Headworks (now in India) on Ravi River. Until that time, irrigation was undertaken through a network of inundation canals, which were functional only during periods of high river flow.
These provided water for kharif (summer) crops and some soil moisture for rabi (winter) crops. The last inundation canals were connected to weir controlled supplies in 1962 with the completion of Guddu Barrage on Indus River. UBDC was followed by Sirhind Canal from Rupar Headworks on Sutlej in 1872 (also in India) and Sidhnai Canal from Sidhnai Barrage on Ravi in 1886. The Lower Chenab from Khanki on Chenab in 1892, and Lower Jhelum from Rasul on Jhelum in 1901 followed suit. Lower and Upper Swat, Kabul River and Paharpur Canals in KPK were completed between 1885 to 1914.
By the turn of the century, it became apparent that the water resources of the individual rivers were not in proportion to the potential irrigable lands. Ravi River, serving a large area of Bari Doab, was deficient in supply while Jhelum had a surplus. An innovative solution was developed in the form of the Triple Canal Project, constructed during 1907 –1915. The project linked the Jhelum, Chenab, and Ravi rivers, allowing a transfer of surplus Jhelum and Chenab water to the Ravi. The Triple Canal Project as a land-mark in integrated interbasin water resources management and also provided the key concept for the resolution of the Indus Waters Dispute between India and Pakistan in 1960.
The Sutlej Valley Project, comprising of 4 barrages and 2 canals, was completed in 1933, resulting in the development of the unregulated flow resources of the Sutlej River and motivated planning for the Bhakra reservoir (now in India).
During the same period, the Sukkur Barrage and its system of 7 canals serving 2.95 million hectares of land in Lower Indus were completed. Haveli and Rangpur from Trimmu Headworks on Chenab in 1939 and Thal Canal from Kalabagh Headworks on Indus were completed in 1947. This comprised the system inherited by Pakistan at the time of its creation in 1947.
At independence, the irrigation system, conceived originally as a whole, was divided between India and Pakistan without regard to irrigated boundaries. This resulted in the creation of an international water dispute in 1948, which was finally resolved by the enforcement of Indus Waters Treaty in 1960 under aegis of the World Bank. The treaty assigned the three eastern rivers (Ravi, Beas, Sutlej) to India, with an estimated total mean annual flow of 33 million acre feet (MAF) and the three western rivers (Indus, Jhelum, Chenab) to Pakistan with a transfer of irrigation supplies from the western rivers to areas in Pakistan formerly served by the eastern rivers as well as some development potential to compensate for the perpetual loss of the eastern waters. The Indus
Basin Project including Mangla Dam, 5 barrages, 1 syphon and 8 inter-river link canals, was completed during 1960-71, while Tarbela Dam started partial operation in 1975-76.
After partition, Kotri, Taunsa and Guddu Barrages were completed on the Indus River to provide controlled irrigation to areas previously served by inundation canals. Also, three additional inter-river link canals were built prior to the initiation of Indus Basin Project. DISTRIBUTION OF AREA AND WATER
During the year 1999-2000, the total irrigated area from all the sources, including private canals, schemes, wells and tubewells and publicly owned infrastructure was of the order of 18.06 million hectares. About 77.4% of the total irrigated area of Pakistan falls in Punjab, 2.8% area falls in KPK and 19.8% in Sindh/ Balochistan. Based on the statistics of the last 10 years, the area irrigated by canals has increased slowly by an aggregate of 6% but its share in irrigated area has remained constant due to the continuous increase in the number of tube wells which now irrigate 20% more area than 10 years ago.

IRRIGATION SYSTEM OF KHYBER PUKHTUNKHWA                

Irrigation system of Khyber Pukhtunkhwa comprises of 09 canals, with total length of 1847 miles and total discharge of 12948 cusecs. These canal systems are listed below.
S.No
Name
Length (miles)
Discharge
1
Upper canal system(swat)
526
3600
2
Lower swat canal system
193
1940
3
Pehur main canal system
76
250
4
Pehur high level canal system
16
1000
5
Warsak canal system
124
595
6
Kabul river canal system
76
800
7
Tanda dam canal system
56
363
8
Marwat canal system
167
800
9
Bannu canal system
160
600

EXISTING IRRIGATION INFRASTRUCTURE IN KHYBER PUKHTUNKHWA

S. No
Item
Description
1
Flow Irrigation system
83
2
Length of canals (KM)
4335
3
Lift Irrigation schemes (NOs)
45
4
Storage Dam (NOs)
14
5
Irrigation Tube well (NOs)
356
6
Scarp Tube wells/Dug Wells
606
7
Private Tube wells (NOs)
14000
8
Surface Drains (KM)
2818
9
Sub Surface Drains
2045
10
Flood Protection Embakment & Spurs
332

FLOW IRRIGATION SCHEMES

KPK has five publicly owned irrigation system in the Indus River, which serve a total area of 0.34million hectares. These systems receive water from two head works across river swat and Warsak dam. In addition there are six other canal systems, which serve a total of 0.13million hectares of land.
KPK has over 200 canals called "civil canals" which are community or privately owned. These irrigate an aggregate area of .83million hectares. There are four surface drainage systems in KPK comprising of 456 drains. These serve a total area of .37million hectares.
During the year 1999---2000, the total irrigated area, using all the sources in KPK was of the order of 0.89million hectares. This included 0.39million hectares of land in the canal commands, private canals, tube wells and wells irrigated .47 million hectares during the same period.

LOWER SWAT CANAL SYSTEM

The lower swat canal system 1st came into operation in 1885. It was manage for 62 years under the British periods. The system is supplied from Munda headwork on Swat River. The system has a cultivable command area of (123600 acres). The lower swat canal system was completely redesigned during 1987---1992, to overcome the capacity constraints, which resulted in the water shortage and inequalities in irrigation supplies in relation to crop water requirements.
The length of the channel in operation at the close of the British period was 312km, comprising 35km of the main canal and its branches and 277km of its distributaries. The major channels on the watershed b/w the streams. The channel are graded to a general slope of about 1 in 1000.the lower swat canal has a full discharge of 1940 cusecs.
            Sheikh Yousaf minor is a small secondary canal in lower swat canal irrigation system.it is situated along distributary 8 and represents the condition typical of middle portion of system. The total command area of the channel is 853ha and has eleven outlets. Nine of the eleven outlets are barrel type equipped with upstream sliding gates and two tail outlets are open flumes.


KABUL RIVER CANAL SYSTEM

                               The Kabul river canal system is one of the oldest irrigation systems in the province. It has played an important role in the agricultural production of the area. At one time it was known as the Michni-Nowshera canal. It takes off from the right bank of the Kabul River where it debouches from the hills, a short distance above the Michni Fort at the village of Warsak about 24 km north-west of Peshawar.
The scheme was originally designed to extend the irrigation to a small district known as the joe-sheikh, but later an extended project was prepared to command much larger area of over 9713hectares with a discharge of 330cusecs.
In KPK Kabul river irrigation three main districts i.e., Peshawar, Charsada, and Nowshera.in Peshawar 80%,Nowshera 47.83%,and in Charsada 84.67% cultivable land is irrigated from Kabul river.in terms of irrigation the total contribution of Kabul river to the total of KPK is 16.92%.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 

TANDA DAM CANAL SYSTEM

Tanda dam has been constructed in the river Kohat 6miles away from the city at Tanda Banda. It was completed in 1965.it is a earth filled dam, 115ft high with a supplying capacity of 2000cusic water. This dam irrigates 32,000 acres of land in Kohat district.

WARSAK DAM CANAL SYSTEM

The Warsak dam is located on Kabul River, about 30 kilometer North-West of Peshawar in Khyber-Pukhtunkhwa province.
It is a mass concrete gravity dam with a height of 250 feet and length 460 feet. The project was constructed in 1960 under the Colombo Plan, which was financed by the government of Canada.
In phase-I, the dam, irrigation tunnel and four power generating units, each of 40 megawatt (MW) capacity, had been constructed at a cost of $98.75 million, while in phase-II, two more units, each of 41.5MW capacity, had been installed in 1980-81 with an expenditure of $10.6 million, thus raising the total installed capacity of the project to 243MW.
The canal system of the Warsak dam project is irrigating at least 119,000 acres of land, and has, thus, contributed $2.3 billion to the national economy since its commission.
Similarly, the Warsak hydal power station has so far generated about 40 billion units of electricity, earning revenue of $3.5 billion.

LIFT IRRIGATION SCHEMES

                          In most cities of KPK lift irrigation schemes are using.in lift irrigation schemes water is lifted from lower level to higher level with the help of pumps and other equipment, construction of dams and canal helped emendously to increase the irrigated area lying at lower level than the dam level ,but scarcity of water remained the problem for higher level areas, so as to bring higher level under irrigation, lift irrigation schemes are taken up.

ADVANTAGES OF LIFT IRRIGATION SCHEMES


1.      LIFT irrigation schemes made irrigation possible at higher level.

2.      Land acquisition problem in lift irrigation schemes is less.

3.      Water losses are low.

4.      LIFT irrigation schemes made irrigation possible at higher level.

5.      Land acquisition problem in lift irrigation schemes is less.

6.      Water losses are low.

 

CLASSIFICATIN OF CANALS IN KPK

    The canals are classified in the following categories.

PERMANENT CANALS

                      Permanent canals are those which are fed by the permanent source of supply such as ice fed, river, and reservoir.it is a well graded canals and is provided with permanent head works, regulators and distribution system. These types of canals are mostly found in Abbottabad, tribal areas and in Kohat. These canals are present in hilly areas where natural reservoir is present.


PERENNIAL CANALS

                     These are also termed as permanent canals which get continuous supply from the river throughout the year. Such canals can irrigate the crop field all the year round.

INUNDATION CANAL

                     These are the earliest type of irrigation canal which is dependent entirely on the periodical rise of the water level in the river during flood period. Construction of permanent regulatory works is rare in those channels.    

MAINTENANCE OF CANALS IN KPK

                                  When irrigation canal is put into operation after construction, it is essential for its maintenance for proper and efficient functioning. Canals are required to maintain regularly due to the following causes.

SILTING IN CANAL

               In unlined channel, silt creates a regular problem as the velocity of water is not enough to carry the silt along with water to the crop field.in the canal headwork silt excluder and little downstream of headwork silt ejector are provided to arrest the silt from entering the canal. Yet a part of silt enters the channel, removal of which is necessary.

WEED GROWTH

            Weeds are unwanted plants that grow profusely in water under some favorable condition. Weed decrease the area of flow, offer resistance to flow. The deposition of silt and light encourages the growth of weeds. If velocity of flow is   increased, fine silt is held in suspension, water becomes turbid, and light cannot penetrate to help the growth of weed.
     Weed control may be done by manual labor and burning them when dry.

OVERFLOW OF CANAL BANKS

                              
           If canal over flow during heavy rains, bank height is required to increase.

BREACHING OF CANAL BANK

                              To reduce the failure of bank, banks can be strengthened by formation of internal and external berms by silting and extra earthworks. When berms are formed, canal banks cannot breach due to seepage or piping.

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